Nursing Research Criteria Qualitative Study Paper

Nursing Criteria Qualitative Study - Research Paper Example According to the authors, hand hygiene is paramount in controlling the cross infection and its associated ill effects such as development of antibiotic resistance and high morbidity rate. In a qualitative research, the authors demonstrate using focus group discussion (FGDs) and data collected from 530- bedded rural teaching hospital in India (Joshi et al., 2012). The literature review was done using current sources that revealed three major strategies have been recommended insofar to minimize healthcare infections which include: campaigns to generate awareness of significance of hand hygiene, to increase commitment in the course of improving adherence in hand hygiene and testing the implementation of the hand hygiene (Joshi et al., 2012). Further study was done if identify if the strategies are in practice. Interestingly, a retrospective research was done to using old sources to determine the practice of hand hygiene in the old times and if the prevalence of the cross infection was consistent with adherence. One of the old source that was used in retrospect in the literature review is that of Pittet that examined on the adherence and its effect which established that the cross infection due to poor hand hygiene was very high hence need of coming with modality of redressing the threat (Joshi et al., 2012). Additionally, the author did a very thoughtful evaluation was done on the literature review that indicated where the strength existed and the weakness of the review.

Management Information System to Organisations Essay Example for Free

Management Information System to Organisations Essay Management information system is essential for creating competitive firms, managing global corporations, and providing useful products and services to customers. (Laudon, 2002,P1) It provides information figure of reports and displays to managers. For example, sales managers may use their computer workstations to get sales results of their products and to access weekly sales analysis reports, and then evaluate sales made by each salesperson. Management information systems arose in the 1970s to focus on computer-based information systems aimed at managers. (Laudon, 2002, P15). Because of the growths of the Internet, globalisations of trade, and the rise of information economies, have to improve the role of information systems in business and management. And then it needs pays attention to organisation management information that issues raised by sociology, economics, environment and psychology. An organization is a stable, formal social structure that takes resources from the environment and processes them to produce outputs. (Laudon, 2002,P87) This essay will be evaluating the contribution of Management Information System to Organisations. Like as What relationship between information and managers job; computer networks importance for management information development; different types of management information systems to use differences and how it is impact and limitation of information systems. Firstly, before organisation Management Information need to understand it that have four factors determine the usefulness of information a manager: quality, timeliness, completeness, and relevance (Gareth, 2000,P613) Accuracy and reliability determine the quality of information. (Gareth, 2000,P613) tell us higher quality of information need have greater accuracy and reliability. The greater accuracy and reliabilitys information will bring correct decision for manager. For example, accounting informstions, information as accuracy refers to the extent to which information effectively represents a situation as it really is, the accuracy of each source of data used varied widely.((Volking, 1993, P8) The source where accuracy posed the greatest problem was the marketing database.So I think usefulness informations need have accuracy and  reliability, accuracy and reliability determine the quality of information. Information that is timely is available when it is needed for managerial action, not after the decision has been made (Gareth, 2000,P614) In todays speedily changing world and technology s developing, lead to information changing frequently. Real-time Information is reflecting current conditions. (Gareth, 2000,P614) For example, productions price changing frequently in marketing because manager wants to make profit in competitions marketing. So manager should be pay attention to informations changing. Catch Real-time information is very importance. Look at timeliness in accounting Timeliness: accounting information should be made available to external decision-makers before it loses its capacity to influence decisions. (Dyckman, 1992, P44) Like the news of the world, old financial information never carries the same impact fresh information carries. Otherwise lack of timeliness reduces relevance. Information that is complete gives managers all the information they need to exercise control, achieve coordination, or make an effective decision. (Gareth, 2000,P615) informations completive will provided good help to manager to decision. When you set up a new business, look at complete information is importance. Such as, how is this productions sold, how long can make profit and how much capital need put in this company at first time. Also information in accounting system also need pay attenation to informations completetive. Information that is relevant is useful and suits a managers particular needs and circumstances (Gareth, 2000,P615) It can make a difference in a users decision. Relevance refers to the capacity of accounting information to make different to external decision-makers who use financial reports. They use accounting information with either or both of two viewpoints in mind: Forecasting what the economic future is likely to hold. Confirming the accuracy of past forecasts. Stated more technically, relevant accounting information help users to make predictions about future events, to confirm or correct prior expectations, and to evaluate current conditions. (Dyckman, 1992, P43) In my opinion, relevant is most importance, because if the data are not relevant to the task at hand, manager will be make mistake by these wrong information, and west time in wrong decisions. And then will bring some problem for this company s operation. Information decision, control and coordination Secondly, information technologys development is importance for management information development. Because the growths of the Internet, globalisations of trade, and the rise of information economies, it have to improve the role of information systems in business and management. Software is the detailed instructions that control the operation of a computer system. Without software, computer hardware could not perform the tasks we associate with computers. The functions of software are to (1) manage the computer resources of the organisation (2) provide tools for human beings to take advantage of these resources, and (3) act as an intermediary between organisations and stored information. Selecting suitable software for the organisation is a key management decision. (Laudon, 2002,P172) Thirdly, different types of management information systems to use differences: a transaction-processing system is a system designed to handle large volumes of routine, recurring transactions. (Gareth, 2000,P625) For example, managers use transaction- processing system to record sale of items and path inventory levels, employee record keeping, and payroll. A management information system that gathers, organize, and summarizes comprehensive data in a from that managers can use in their nonroutine coordinating, controlling, and decision-making task.(Gareth, 2000,P626) Operational Systems are concerned with transaction handling and the  day-to-day operation of the organisation, usually for a particular department within the organisation. Data are entered and stored in a file format, and are updated regularly during routine processing. Example, Producing invoices and monthly reports for operational-level managers, and fortnightly payroll cheques. The major disadvantage of this system is that they are inflexible and so not able to be adapted easily to do new tasks, or expected tasks earlier than usual. They also do not support any decision-making advice ability for tactical and strategic-level managers. Most companies today have gone beyond this system. (Long, 1994,P365-397) Decision support systems give direct computer support to managers during the decision-making process. For example advertising managers may use an electronic database packs up to do what, if analysis as they test the impact of other advertising budgets on the forecasted sales of new products. (OBrien, 1997,P31) A Decision Support System is an interactive information system that rely on integrated user-friendly hardware and software designed to assist mangers make decisions related to the efficient and profitable running of the business. Expert systems can provide expert advice for operational chores like equipment diagnostics, or managerial decisions such as loan portfolio management. (OBrien, 1997,P32) Expert systems have been developed for subjects such as medical diagnosis, oil exploration, financial planning, taxation return preparation, chemical analysis, surgery, weather prediction, computer repair, nuclear power plant operation, newspaper layout, interpreting government regulation, and troubleshooting computer systems configurations (eg. MS Help). (Long, 1994,P365-397) Finally, management information systems also have some limitations and some technology impact its development. The advance in management information system and technology are having important effects on managers and organisations. (Gareth, 2000,P629) One of the most important of these  involves the subjectivity of the scoring technique. Clearly establishing the extent to which a data attribute is inherent in any one data source is highly judgemental. Likewise, establishing weightings for each attribute is also a highly subjective process. These tasks are therefore very much subject to the perception of the individuals who carry them out. This problem could be partly overcome by increasing the objectivity with which such estimates are made. Conclusion, Management information system is an information system that managers plan and design to provide themselves with the specific information they need. (Gareth, 2000,P615)This essay has Evaluated the contribution of Management Information System to Organisations. Including about Like as What factors determine the usefulness of information a manager; computer networks importance for management information development; different types of management information systems to use differences and how it is impact and limitation of information systems. From this essay, we can know MIS have some advantages for our used, however this tool is not perfect, also have limitations for it. So Managing a good company , need understand it first. Reference: Gareth R.Jones, Charles W.L. Hill Jennifer M.George, 2000, Contemporary management, The McGraw-Hill Companies, America. Kenneth C. Laudon Jane P. Laudon, 2002, Management Information Systems, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458,America. Galliers.R., 1992, Information System Research: issues,methods,and practical guidelines, Blackwell Scientific Publications,UK. Dyckman, T., Dukes, R., 1992, Intermediate Accounting, IRWIN, America. OBrien, J., 1997, Introduction to information, IRWIN, America. Stair.,R, Reynolds, G., 2001, Principles of Information Systems, Course Technology, Australia. Mitchell, Volking, Yan E. Management Decision. Analysing the quality of management information: A suggested framework, London,1993. Vol. 31, Iss. 8; pg. 12, 8 pgs. Larry Long, Computers and Information Systems, 4th Ed., 1994, Prentice Hall, ISBN: 0-13-497884-6, chapter. 12, pages 365 397 Krumwiede, Kip. Cost Management Update. Survey reveals factors affecting, Montvale: Apr 1996. p. 1 (2 pages) URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2003res_id=xri:pqdrft_val_fmt=ori:fmt:kev:mtx:journalgenre=articlerft_id=xri:pqd:did=000000009475160svc_dat=xri:pqil:fmt=textreq_dat=xri:pqil:pq_clntid=20901 Grover Dunn, Debra K Walker, Steve Hannaford. Air Force Journal of Logistics. Information technology, Gunter AFS: Spring 2003. Vol. 27, Iss. 1; p. 14. URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2003res_id=xri:pqdrft_val_fmt=ori:fmt:kev:mtx:journalgenre=articlerft_id=xri:pqd:did=000000382958551svc_dat=xri:pqil:fmt=textreq_dat=xri:pqil:pq_clntid=20901 Steven A Morris, Thomas E Marshall, R Kelly Rainer Jr. Information Resources Management Journal. Impact of user satisfaction and trust on virtual team members, Hershey: Apr-Jun 2002. Vol. 15, Iss. 2; p. 22 (9 pages)

Robertson Davies Fifth Business Essay -- Robertson Davies Fifth Busin

Robertson Davies' Fifth Business In the novel 'Fifth Business', the author Robertson Davies is successfully able to relate both the themes of magic and religion throughout. He achieves this relationship between the themes primarily through the characters and their actions. Dunstan Ramsay, Paul Dempster, Mary Dempster and Liselotte Vitzliputzli all help to illustrate the close relationship between magic and religion. One of the characters that Davies uses to relate the theme of magic and religion is Dunstable Ramsay. Dunny was brought up in a Scottish Presbyterian family in Deptford, Ontario. While in the war, he kept himself busy by reading the New Testament and states 'Arabian Nights and the Bible were getting pretty close', referring to both magic and religion. After servicing in the war, Dunstable is renamed Dunstan by Diana after Saint Dunstan. Dunstan's study of saints becomes his passion and he later travels around the world in search of information about several living saints. During his search for saints, Dunstan coincidentally comes across Le grande Cirque forain de St. Vile and Illusions, a circus where Paul Dempster preformed magic. This clearly indicates how Dunstan is related to both magic and religion. Paul Dempster, another character in the novel illustrates the relationship between magic and religion. Paul is the son of Mary Dempster who Dunstan considered to be a saint. His father, Amasa Dempster is the Baptist parson of Deptford and is considered ...

Human Rights Issues Essay

Nelson Mandela once said, â€Å"To deny people their human rights is to challenge their very humanity.† This quote is a powerful tool that can help one analyze and understand the severity of failing to guard the rights of their neighbours. When one person forcibly removes or denies another of their God-given rights, they are taking away that persons freedom, and ultimately committing a sin against God. The purpose of this essay is to prove how failing to protect and respect others rights is detrimental to ones relationship with God. Through examining some of the basic human rights in the UN’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and various Sacred Scriptures, one can come to understand the importance of human rights and their correlation with the Catholic Faith. On December 10th 1948, the United Nations established a very important document known as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations 1). This document was written shortly after the second World War in an effort to secure the rights that belong to all people. Although this document proved to be somewhat successful in bringing peace and harmony amongst people, remains an abundance of unjust acts taking place in the world. The official teaching of the Catholic Church has acknowledged the positive value of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Pope John Paul II declared it to be, â€Å"A true milestone on the  path of humanity’s moral progress.† (Doctrine of the Church, 152). Although an agreement can be made upon the multiple benefits of this document, there still remains an abundance of violations against human rights that decrease the moral standings of those who preform such acts and those who chose to simply look away when these acts are being committed. The first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that † All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood† (United Nations, 1). However there are around twenty-two thousand children that die everyday due to poverty related causes (Shah, 6). How is it that over one hundred and thirty-three million pounds of food are carelessly discarded every year in the United States of America while thousands of children are suffering worldwide due to malnutrition (Obradovich 4)? This valued document states individual rights yet it can not ensure that everyones rights are protected, which is why there are numerous lives that are taken due to the careless negligence of those who choose to turn a blind eye to the individuals whose rights are being stolen everyday. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a tool that can help one understand some of the basic human rights, however one must go beyond simply informing themselves on what human rights are. Once these rights have been read and understood, the value of human rights and their importance must be taken into consideration when making a moral decision to stand-up for those whose rights have been stolen. It is imperative that one recognizes the value of human rights in order to preserve them for others and strengthen ones relationship with God. â€Å"The movement towards the identification and proclamation of human rights is one of the most significant attempts to  respond effectively to the inescapable demands of human dignity† (Doctrine of the Church, 152). In this excerpt from the Church’s Magisterium, one can find that the Church directly connects human rights to human dignity. One  must first identify their rights and those that belong to every individual in order to do everything in their power to protect their rights and those of other individuals. It is in doing this that one can make a positive change in others lives and fulfill their needs for human dignity. Too often, people place others needs aside while they search for wealth and materialistic possessions, however one must pay specific attention to those living in developing countries. Ailments, crop failures, natural disasters, violence and corrupt governments continuously decrease the development of these countries and their people from joining the rest of humanity on an even playing field (The Family and Human Rights, 56). Everyday millions of children and adults are suffering in the global community and in order to provide the necessary aid, citizens of the first world must know the value of human rights and the worth of a human life to stand up for people in poor living conditions and fight for their rights. In an article written by David Hollenbach, he states that â€Å"It is striking how strongly the new Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church affirms the Catholic Church’s commitment to human rights as moral standards to which all nations and cultures should be held accountable† (Hollenbach 3). This excerpt of the article highlights the importance of everyone of every individual abiding, protecting and being held accountable for ones rights and the rights of others. Rights are not only statements that are placed as suggestions for people, they must be followed and respected by everyone living in every part of the world. â€Å"There rights are ‘universal, inviolable, inalienable'† (Doctrine of the Church, 153). These rights are present in  everyone regardless of age, gender, race and religious beliefs. It would be useless to proclaim human rights if they were not being respected and protected by all people, for all people. Lastly, No one has the right to deny another of their rights as this would violate their very dignity and nature. It is evident that human rights are extremely valuable and are common amongst all people. Once one has learned about what the basic human rights are and their importance, then they must be applied into ones everyday life to help ensure that the rights are being practiced, but more  importantly, that others rights are being defended. There exists a positive correlation between The Catholic Church’s teachings and Human Rights. When one is violated, the other also suffers the negative effects and ones relationship with God is harmed. A section in the article written by David Hollenbach states, â€Å"Like earlier church documents, the compendium grounds the link between Christian faith and human rights in the dignity of the human person as created in the image of God† (Hollenbach, 7). This is emphasizing how everyone is created in the image and likeness of God, and is deserving of dignity and respect. Failing to safeguard ones rights is equivalent to denying said person of his or her humanity. David also states, â€Å"Consequently, the church’s work in support of human rights is essentially connected to its mission to proclaim the Gospel† (Hollenbach 4). Promoting and protecting the rights of all God’s people is viewed as a moral act and anything done to counteract the progress of human rights is seen as an act against God in the eyes of the Catholic Church. Human rights is directly linked to the vocation of every Christian and the Church’s mission. (Council for the Family, 32). It is every Christian’s moral duty to promote peace amongst people and to protect not just ones own, but everyones rights. There is a clear crossover between the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; that outlines everyones individual rights and freedoms,  and Christian ethics even though there is no direct reference to God in the document. This is due to the fact that the articles and rights presented in this document are based on humanity’s  common conscience (The Family and Human Rights, 2). Through acts of Christian service, one can grow a deep appreciation for the other and an understanding of ones duty as a Catholic citizen to help others that cannot help themselves. These acts help one grow closer to God because they act in accordance with the Catholic moral duty to help the other. All in all, there is a clear link between human rights and the duty of every Catholic citizen to ensure that every persons rights are being protected. When one person  directly or indirectly neglects a persons rights, they are disobeying God and therefore, committing a sin against Him. Every individual, regardless or age, race, gender or religious beliefs has certain rights and freedoms that pertain to them from the moment of conception. It is ones moral duty to protect others’ rights and ensure that everyone is leading a life of fairness and equality. Through analyzing the United Nation’s Declaration of Human Rights, it is clear that human rights are crucial in an attempt to create a peaceful world and a happy relationship with God. It is also important that one values the necessity of human rights in order for that individual to do everything in their power to safeguard the rights of others. One can clearly identify the relationship between human rights and the Catholic Church when looking at various Catholic documents as they both relate to the basic common conscience of humanity. With the use of this information, it is necessary that one protects their rights and the rights of other individuals in order to grow a healthy relationship with God. Works Cited â€Å"Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church.† Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church. Web. 5 Mar. 2014. Hollenbach, David. â€Å"Human rights in Catholic thought: a new synthesis.† America 31 Oct. 2005: 16. Gale Power Search. Web. 7 Apr. 2014. Shah, Anup. â€Å"Poverty Facts and Stats.† Global Issues. 07 Jan. 2013. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. . â€Å"The Family and the Human Rights.† The Family and Human Rights. Web. 5 Mar. 2014. http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/family/documents/ rc_pc_family_doc_20001115_family-human-rights_en.html. â€Å"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UDHR, Declaration of Human Rights, Human Rights Declaration, Human Rights Charter, The Un and Human Rights.† UN News Center. UN, n.d. Web. 5 Apr. 2014. . Obradovich, Kathie. â€Å"Throwing Away Food Fuels Climate Change.† Des Moines Register 23 May 2014: n. pag. Des Moines Register. Web. 23 May 2014.

Promoting Cognitive Development Essay

Piaget was interested in how children think; Piaget says children learn with intelligent, video, cognitive development. He believes putting the development and learns. He believes that children learn by doing or copying as their fears. Anal stage is an important stage. B.F. skinner is a. behaviorist he believed that behavior is learned such as praising. He believes to praise for good things and not for bad behavior ignore it. He also believes that if you praise to much a child will just do things to please the parent. Les Vygotsky believes that children copy what they see their parents doing. He believed in cultural, Vygotsky believes in children construct knowledge. Vygotsky believes social interaction is vital ingredients in learning in development. Vygotsky believes the children should be shown so they can be successful. Piaget, Erikson’s, Skinner and Vygotsky believe that children learn by how and they think they also learn with intelligent and cognitive development. Erikson’s and Freud agree with Piaget that children learn by doing and they also learn by their fears. Such as going to the doctor, the pretend play and interact with each other like they are doctors. They substitute things that a doctor would use. Erikson’s and Freud also thin the anal stage is important because that is when children are being potty trained and using the potty by their selves. They are learning how important it is to wash their hands. Children are developing social interaction at this time because they are being developed. If a child is having a hard time doing something on their own and keep messing up the teacher should show the child to do it. Explain how each theorist would approach the issues of cognitive development to early childhood. Is seeking the growth and understanding changing and intellectual capabilities of cognitive behavior. A mentalist examines learning and memory problems solving and intelligence. Piaget believes that children learn from action and are born with acquire schemas a concept how to act and respond to the world. Children form and reform theirs ideals in their minds while they explore the world. Knowledge is gained by the activity as child does by doing more. Children’s knowledge does not develop, but is much different form adult knowledge. (pg.7) According to Piagetian perspective is a child has different stages and development. Reading and writing are more shaped more by accomplishment. Vygotsky believe that social interaction places emphasis on stages of behavior Vygotsky says the learning is a matter of internalizing of language and action of others. Adults can help children solve problems by discussing them with the child. (info@ncrel.org) Keith’s advice about Jasmine is that all children learn in different ways. When it comes to children they should know that they are carried for. The cognitive development stages that a child learns by doing and experiment. Psychosocial and Physical influences to be seen by. Piaget says during the preoperational stages which usually are from the ages 2-7. At this age children learn language and they start to pretend play. At the ages 7-11 is the concrete operational stage and children also gain ability to solve problems. The finally stages are 11-adolescent usually makes more abstractly to solve problems and think symbolically about things that are not really there concretely in front of them. (Piaget’s) Reference: Copyright North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. Gulf Bend Center http://gulf bend.org/pov/view_doc.php Piaget, J. and Child Development.

Informative Speech Essays

Informative Speech Essays Informative Speech Paper Informative Speech Paper Essay Topic: Informative I used to eat at McDonalds all the time and I think most people can say the name. 2. I have watched documentaries, looked at magazines and researched the internet. E. Preview of Main Points: 1 . First, I am going to talk about how McDonalds started 2. Second, how big they are today 3. Finally, Im going to talk about what they do with some of the money they make. Body: A. McDonalds first began as a barbecue restaurant 1. Dick and Mac McDonald opened McDonalds Bar-a-Queue restaurant in 1940 in Bernardino California. A. 1948 is when the McDonalds we know today was founded.The restaurant had been shut down in September then re-opened in December after changes were made. The brothers had turned it into a drive in self service restaurant. B. With all the new changes they made, They managed to get rid of all the food that need forks, knives and spoons, leaving the menu was to just hamburgers, cheeseburgers, soft drinks, milk, coffee, potato chips and a slice of pie. C. Eventually in 1 949 their French Fries that we all know and love came into the picture and they got rid of the potato chips. NASA Lemma is considered the national dish in Malaysia and with roots in Malay culture and Malay cuisine, it means oily or fatty rice. It is widely eaten and Malaysia and commonly sold at hawker food centers and roadside stalls in Malaysia. 3. The Atari This stretched tea is best known as an aromatic piping hot tea that is skillfully pulled from one mug to another. The tea is being mixed with evaporated or condensed milk to provide the creamy taste that last fresh in your tongue. This drink is a popular Malaysian drink that can be enjoyed at any time of the day. There is an element of showmanship that exists in the preparation of The Atari. The ability to drag a long stream of tea above the heads of patrons without giving them a shower is an amusing novelty for the locals as well as tourists. 4. Root Canal Root Canal is a very well-known traditional Malaysian breakfast that most of us will never miss. Root Canal is a type of Indian-influenced flattered and is done by a mixture Of wheat flour and finally served in a light crispy pancake. The dough is being stretched and tossed and then cooks it to perfection on a griddle. Root Canal has a great combination with lentil or chicken curry. It is often sold in Make stalls in Malaysia and is mostly taken together with The Atari. 5. Air Bath campus Commonly known as BBC, it can fulfill your thirst on a hot afternoon, well known as thirst quencher. BBC is beautifully served in a bowl filled with shared ice and extras such as red beans, groundnuts, sweet corn and fruits. Condensed milk and sugar syrup will be added to provide the sweet taste which fulfils your thirst. 6. Condole Condole is a traditional dessert which is very popular in Malaysia. It has a noodle-like strips made from green flour. It is served in a combination mixed with shaved ice and coconut milk. Brown sugar syrup is added to bring the sweet flavor that completes the condole cycles. It is often sold by vendors at roadsides, hawker centers and food courts and most popular in Malaria, Penman and Koala Lumpy. 7. Rajah Rajah is a traditional fruit and vegetable salad dish commonly found in Malaysia. The term Rajah is mixture for Malay. Vegetables are shredded with curried squid served with spicy sauce. There are various alternative Rajah such as Rajah Bah, a fruit salad mixed in a sauce made of fermented shrimp paste. In Malaysia, Make Rajah or Appeaser contains fried dough fritters, bean curds, boiled potatoes, prawn fritters, hard boiled eggs, bean sprouts, cuttlefish and cucumber mixed with a sweet, thick, spicy peanut sauce. Traditionally, Make Rajah vendors used modified motorcycles or mini trucks as preparation counters and to peddle their Rajah. . Chicken Rice Rice dish is flavored with roasted, steamed or poached chicken. Ginger paste, chili sauce and soy sauce are served to add flavor to it. Chicken Rice is famous among the Chinese Community. One example Of Chicken Rice is Haines Chicken Rice which is most commonly associated with Malaysian Haines cuisines. In Malaysia, Chicken Rice is available in many Chinese coffee shops or restaurants or hawker centers but also chain restaurants such as The Chicken Ric e Shop and Old Town White Coffee. . Alaska Alaska is a popular spicy noodle soup from the Partaken cuisine, which is a combination of Chinese and Malay cuisine which can be found in Malaysia. Alaska is a local noodle soup dish cooked in a unique way with ingredients such coconut milk, seafood, bean sprouts, cucumber and spices. Variations include Alaska Penman, Alaska Juror and Alaska Karakas, Curry Alaska, each with its own distinct flavor and taste. Curry Alaska is more commonly used In Koala Lumpy while it is known as Curry MME in Penman. 10. Fruits The durian is Malaysias King of Fruits that has a smooth creamy texture and distinct fragrance. The durian is distinctive for its large size, strong dour and formidable thorn-covered husk. Some people regard the durian as having a pleasantly sweet fragrance; others find the smell overpowering. Meanwhile, seasonal fruits such as orangutan, duck, mangoes and kick, papaya, watermelon and pommel are other juicy succulent delights which are available all year round. Fruits such as kiwifruit and banana are also made as tasty fritters.

Dolomite Touché Essay Example

Dolomite Touchà © Essay Example Dolomite Touchà © Essay Dolomite Touchà © Essay Managing Diversity for a Competitive Advantage we need to answer the following questions: 1. How did the problems at Dolomite Touchà © occur in the first place? 2. Did their changes fix the underlying problems? Explain. 3. What other advice would you give their managers? In answering these questions we need to distinguish between the role of human resource manager and line managers. I believe the problem started in what had at that time been a male dominated profession, where female employees may have been looked down as inferior employees. On top of this you have the complication of a work environment where there is little advancement, over all there is Just so many partners in a firm. Even a further issue is family issues that can effect a female employee over a male one, where a man may continue to work during and after a pregnancy a female will loose some time. With all these factors in place these set up the problem to occur. When looking at the changes Dolomite Touchà © made to fix their problem we can easily see that the changes did In fact have a favorable impact. But did It flax the underlying problem? In my opinion I believe It did, Dolomite Touchà © made changes that made the work environment much better suited for female employees. They made an environment where they allowed flexible work schedules, career planning for woman, and workshops for those In management positions. I am not sure there Is any further advice I could give the managers other then what was provided by Dolomite Touchà ©. If I was to Impart any thing to them would be that It Is Important to realize that male and female brains, emotions, and experiences are very different from each other. What works for one may not work for the next.

How Donald Trump Won - The 2016 Presidential Race

How Donald Trump Won - The 2016 Presidential Race Voters and political scientists will debate how Donald Trump won the presidential election in 2016. The businessman and political novice stunned the world by winning a presidential election most analysts and voters believed had firmly been in the hands of Hillary Clinton, who had far more experience in government and had run a more orthodox campaign.   Trump ran his campaign in the most unconventional of ways, insulting large swaths of potential  voters and shunning  the traditional support from his own political party. Trump won at least 290 electoral votes, 20 more than the 270 needed to become president, but got more than 1 million fewer actual votes than Clinton did,  reigniting the  debate over whether the U.S. should scrap the Electoral College. Trump became only the fifth president to be elected without winning the popular vote. The others were Republicans  George W. Bush in 2000,  Benjamin Harrison in 1888 and Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876, and Federalist John Quincy Adams in 1824. So how did Donald Trump win the presidential election by insulting voters, women, minorities, and without raising money or relying on support from the Republican Party? Here are 10 explanations for how Trump won the 2016 election. Celebrity and Success Trump portrayed himself through the 2016 campaign as a successful real-estate developer who created tens of thousands of jobs.  I’ve created tens of thousands of jobs and a great company, said during one debate. In a separate speech, Trump proclaimed his presidency would create job growth like you’ve never seen. I’m very good for jobs .In fact, I will be the greatest president for jobs that God ever created. Trump  runs dozens of companies and serves of numerous corporate boards, according to a personal financial disclosure he filed with the U.S. Office of Government Ethics when he ran for president.  He has said he is worth as much as $10 billion, and though critics suggested he is worth much less Trump projected an image of success and was one of the most well known brands in the county. It also didnt hurt that he was host and producer of NBC’s hit reality series  The Apprentice. High Turnout Among Working-Class White Voters This is the big story of the 2016 election. Working class white voters- men and women alike- fled the Democratic Party and sided with Trump because of his promise to renegotiate trade deals with countries including China and levy stiff tariffs on goods imported from these countries. Trumps position on trade was seen as a way to stop companies from shipping jobs overseas, though many economists pointed out taxing imports would drive up costs to American consumers first. His message resonated with white working-class voters, especially those who live in former steel and manufacturing towns. Skilled craftsmen and tradespeople and factory workers have seen the jobs they loved shipped thousands of miles away, Trump said at a rally near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Immigration Trump promised to essentially lock down the borders to prevent terrorists coming in, an appeal to white voters who were not necessarily worried about crimes being committed by undocumented immigrants by jobs being filled by them. What we are going to do is get the people that are criminal and have criminal records, gang members, drug dealers. We have a lot of these people, probably two million, it could be even three million, we are getting them out of our country or we are going to incarcerate, Trump said. Trumps position contrasted starkly with Clintons position on illegal immigration. James Comey and the FBIs October Surprise A scandal over Clintons  use of a personal email server  as secretary of State had dogged her through early parts of the campaign. But the controversy appeared to be behind her in the waning days of the 2016 election. Most national polls in October and the first days of November showed Clinton leading Trump in the popular vote count; battleground-state polls showed her ahead, too. But 11 days before the election, FBI director James Comey sent a letter to Congress stating he would review emails found on a laptop computer belonging to a Clinton confidant to determined whether they were relevant to the  then-closed investigation of  her use of the personal email server. The letter cast Clintons election prospects into doubt. Then, two days before Election Day, Comey issued a new statement that both confirmed Clinton did nothing illegal but also brought renewed attention to the case. Clinton directly blamed Comey for her loss after the election. Our analysis is that Comey’s letter raising doubts that were groundless, baseless, proven to be, stopped our momentum,† Clinton told donors in a post-election telephone call, according to published reports. Free Media Trump didnt spend a whole lot of money trying to win the election. He didnt have to. His campaign was treated by many major media outlets as a spectacle, as entertainment instead of politics. So Trump got lots and lots of free airtime on cable news and major networks. Analysts estimated Trump had been given $3 billion of free media by the end of the primaries and a total of $5 billion by the end of the presidential election. While free media has long played an important role in our democracy by fostering political discourse and disseminating electoral information, the sheer enormity of coverage on Trump puts a spotlight on how the media may have influenced the course of the election, analysts at mediaQuant wrote in November of 2016.  Free of earned media is the widespread coverage he received by major television networks. He also spent tens of millions of dollars of his own money, mostly fulfilling a vow to finance his own campaign so he could portray himself as being free from ties to special interests.  I dont need anybodys money. Its nice. Im using my own money. Im not using the lobbyists. Im not using donors. I dont care. Im really rich. he said in announcing his campaign in June 2015. Hillary Clintons Condescension  Toward Voters Clinton never did connect to working class voters. Maybe it was her own personal wealth. Maybe it was her status as a political elite. But it most likely had to do with her controversial portrayal of Trump supporters as deplorable. To just be grossly generalistic, you can put half of Trump supporters into what I call the basket of deplorables. Right? Racist, sexist, homophobic, xenophobic, Islamaphobic, you name it,  Clinton said just two months before the election. Clinton apologized for the remark, but the damage was done. Voters who were supporting Donald Trump because they were fearful over their status in the middle class turned solidly against Clinton. Trump running-mate Mike Pence capitalized on Clintons mistake by crystallizing the condescending nature of her remarks.  The truth of the matter is that the men and women who support Donald Trumps campaign are hard-working Americans, farmers, coal miners, teachers, veterans, members of our law enforcement community, members of every class of this country, who know that we can make America great again, Pence said. Voters Didnt Want a Third Term for Obama Regardless of how popular Obama was, its incredibly rare for presidents from the same party to win back-to-back terms in the White House, partly because voters become fatigued by a president and his party by the end of eight years.  In our  two-party system, the last time voters elected a Democrat to the White House after a president from the same party had just served a full term was in 1856, before the Civil War. That was James Buchanan. Bernie Sanders and the Enthusiasm Gap Many- not all, but many- supporters of Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders did not come around to Clinton after she won the brutal, and what many thought ,  rigged, Democratic primary. In a scathing criticism of liberals Sanders supporters who didnt support Clinton in the general election, Newsweek magazines Kurt Eichenwald wrote:   Awash in false conspiracy theories and petulant immaturity, liberals put Trump in the White House. Trump won slightly fewer votes than Romney did in 2012- 60.5 million compared with  60.9 million. On the other hand, almost 5 million Obama voters either stayed home or cast their votes for someone else. More than twice as many millennials- a group heavily invested in the â€Å"Sanders was cheated out of the nomination† fantasy- voted third-party. The laughably unqualified Jill Stein of the Green Party got 1.3 million votes; those voters almost certainly opposed Trump; if just the Stein voters in Michigan had cast their ballot for Clinton, she probably would have won the state. And there is no telling how many disaffected Sanders voters cast their ballot for Trump. Obamacare and Health Care Premiums Elections are always held in November. And November is open-enrollment time. In 2016, as in previous years, Americans were just getting notice that their health insurance premiums were rising dramatically, including those who were purchasing plans on the marketplace set up under President Barack Obamas Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare. Clinton supported most aspects of the health care overhaul, and voters blamed her for it. Trump, on the other hand, promised to repeal the program.

The Children by Nina Fedorova Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Children by Nina Fedorova - Essay Example Lida is the main child. Manchuria is China and hard. Many peoples refugee there and Japan controlled. Lida and her mother are Russian and escape violence in Russian Revolution. Lida sings good and loves Jimmy from U.S. They will have marry some day and mail letters, but Lida stops getting them. When traveling to sing. Lida sees friends in Harbin and Shanghai. She sees the Platova, Mother Abbess, and Mme. Militza. Mainly Lida worrys for Jimmy, because must marry to be happy. Glafira marrys George and they are happy with brothers in Australia. Mother Abbess even wants to marry, but she dies. Jimmy has accident in hospital and Lida sad and sick but Leon downstairs send her letters. Lida writes Jimmy how that Leon asked her to marry and Jimmy doesn't write until he leaves so she choose. Leon is in Spain and Mrs. Clark finds out about Jimmy to help Lida to go to U.S. Before Lida leave, her home flooded. Piano can't be sold. Rooms Mother rent are full of peoples without house, so Lida has no money to leave. Lida's friend Alla is sick because her mother did not like her husband. They stay with Lida but Alla dies. "Fate deprived Alla of many pleasures in life now refused her even the traditional accessory of death." (Fedorova 340). The city was under water. People moved in boats and tubs and rafts. With no place to bury Alla. Mother sew her in sackcloth and she in General took body on boat to Hei-ho river and push her in. Japan soldiers sit in boats over fences because of blockade. The town is almost dry when Second World War happens. Russians have party for Lida because Miss Clark pays for boat. Lida travels with Mr. Rind and Professor Kremenetz, but she is careful without Japanese permission. Mr Rind is American but Professor Kremenetz is Russian and says "A Russian girl is almost ridiculous in her devotion. A Russian heart is the pathetic heart of a child rushing for an illusion, hurting himself and others - still refusing to take reality as it is." (Fedorova 375). Lida gets to Seattle and Jimmy buys her oranges. Everyone is child and Russian child have to learn. Many learn in The Children. The Shanghai student are get impressed by Lida and come see her sing. The boys stop changing Mme. Militza's sign and bring her flowers because a book told them how. Nikitka's mother rents him to Mrs. Pitcher and she sends him to school with English. He learns with younger child and then he cheats. No other English students like him and Nikitka gets beat for cheating so he runs away. Comrade Dasha is Communist. She read newspapers for Mr. Rind in Harbin. When Lida watches the frozen river at Christmas, she talks that God means she is never lonely. Dasha laughs because she is atheist. Dasha take Mr. Rind to Communist meeting where she is dead. Dasha saves the speaker from a bullet and has a big funeral because she was a worker. Lida tells Mother Abbess and the mothers pray because Dasha was atheist. Sinner Vera is a liar about everything. Her parents are killed at six years old. Mother Abbess says "To lie i s perhaps her way to believe that one can change the facts." (Fedorova 145). Lida's cousin Dima in England. He can go to U.S. but stays to fight for Mrs. Parrish in England. Dima has plan for children. He writes to Lida and her Mother to tell them about plan. He takes all from all fighting countries and they go to island.

The Effects of Teacher Morale on Student Learning and Performance Research Paper

The Effects of Teacher Morale on Student Learning and Performance - Research Paper Example There are many reasons that can direct effects on morale of the teacher. For example, if the school management does not involve teachers in their decision making process, increased duties, limited assistance and the low salaries paid to highly educated teachers (Houchard, 2005). Moreover, the public criticism and ignorance by the students due to the parents support may also affect the morale of a teacher directly. Due to that, many of the teachers left this profession and even I am seriously considering leaving this profession due to the low morale. On the other hand, I have to complete the session with my students at school. While, I could easily provide meaningful learning to my students, but the low morale is affecting willingness, because of the school administration. In the studies by one source, morale is defined as it is the feeling of a worker that is based on the job and feeling about the job (Rowland, 2008). That feeling can be a mental attitude and emotional attitude. Likewise, teachers’ morale is also based on their feeling about their jobs and duties, which are most important to build the future of a student (Whitaker, Whitaker, & Lumpa, 2013). Since, I am a victim of low morale in the teaching career therefore, this action report aimed to seek out the empirical evidence on the relationship between teacher’s morale and its effects on the student’s performance, learning and achievements. During the past 15 years and so, the teacher’s education research helped in significant strides while studying the relationship between teacher’s morale, practices, beliefs impacts and student’s achievements. The significance of the teacher’s morale can be established through the performance and learning of the students; the benefits can easily figure out by the achievement levels of students. In the literature, there are many research studies conducted by many scholars of educational

Global Marketing Research Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Marketing Research Assignment - Essay Example According to the current business performance of H&M, the organisation has built its strong brand image by delivering designed fashionable garments and sports apparels following the competitive pricing strategy across different developed and developing national markets. Founded in the year 1947, H&M is a Swedish manufacturer and marketer of fast-fashionable apparels for the customers, irrespective of their age groups and income levels (H&M Group, 2014). Currently, the organisation operates across 55 global markets with more than 116,000 numbers of dedicated employees. Moreover, H&M has also been recognised to achieve major recognition from its online apparel retail stores that are currently playing a crucial role for the organisation in 12 different nations across the globe (1H&M Group, 2014). The selection of markets has been one of the crucial and major strategic decisions for the organisations to build long-term sustainability. In relation to the competitive environment in the emerging clothing and apparel business industry, an appropriate selection of target markets help organisations to get accustomed with their strong brand position (Rugraff & Hansen, 2011). In this report, the target business environments selected for H&M are India and Brazil respectively. In correspondence, the following discussion will critically analyse the key rationale factors behind the selection of these emerging markets for H&M. The economic performance of the selected target markets has been prioritised.

The Bible and Catholic Hermeneutics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Bible and Catholic Hermeneutics - Essay Example Catholic hermeneutics might be confused with the theory and practice of Catholic Biblical interpritation. But Catholic hermeneutics marks the appropriation by Catholic theology of philosophic hermeneutics. The latter can be called the study of humanity's participation in the truth and the knowledge mediated by history. So Catholic hermeneutics is the understanding of Cristian truth and knowledge within the Catholic tradition. Catholic hermeneutics is not just a philosophy of interpretation. It is an example of the general philosophical thesis that interpritation always exists within a tradition. The Catholic grasp of Christianity growing out of and expressing a theological tradition examplifies what Heidegger has called the historicality of understanding. The Catholic interpreter, educated within the Church, understands things according to what can only be called a Catholic interpretation of reality. Concrete acts of understanding refine and transmit that interpretation. Thus Catholic hermeneutics is no exception to the universality of hermeneutics, but an illustration of it. Catholic hermeneutics is not thereby curtailed in scientific value. ... It revealed the authoritative role of the magisterium as judge in case of Scriptual and dogmatic dispute, the irreducibility of dogmatic tradition to a historical analysis of first-century documents, and the inadequacy of Scriptural interpretation uninformed by Church tradition. These aspects of the theology of tradition contradict a particular notion of science. According to this notion, the scientific enterprise is wholly emancipated from authority, documentary evidence is the only admissible historical proof of a tradition's anticuity, and independence from tradition is the only guarantor of the truth (i.e., objectivity) of interpritation. If this notion of science were canonical, then Catholic hermeneutics would be unscientific (Hick, 1980). The development of the Catholic hermeneutics clousely connected with the development of historical consciousness. Ancient people didn't have the historical consciousness, because they lived in sincere world and tried to survive in it. Then terrors, death, hunger, destruction and catastrophes made a psychological change in their attitude to the reality. The ancient people really wanted to know about their origin. That's why they appealed to religious myths and legends. Some of them told about a "golden age" when people lived in harmony with each other and nature. The other story showed Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. Some of legends depicted the relationships with gods and goddesses, which possessed human appearance and characters. According to the myth the gods could fight with each other for love and power and even organize wars. We could see numerous examples in Greek Mythology. When misfortunes, wars and catastrophes happened in reality people thought that gods or supernatural powers were against them.

Catholic Wedding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Catholic Wedding - Essay Example According to the study being considered the oldest Catholic Church in Victoria, St. Francis’ Church humbly stands as an example of grandeur. It has a simple faà §ade but its structure alone overwhelms visitors from all walks of life. When one enters this solemn edifice, any person would be struck by the intricate design and the colorful mosaic of glass etching with vivid illustrations of the first family and saints where the Blessed Sacrament is enthroned. The altar is viewed in simplicity with the crucifix void of designs exemplifying the life that Jesus lived. The rationale might be to prevent churchgoers into being distracted by elaborate designs and colors. It is strategically located at a corner lot for easy accessibility. From this paper it is clear that the ritual identified here is the order of the marriage ceremony including the symbols used. It was fortunate to be accorded the opportunity to observe a wedding of couples who appear to be of Asian descent probably from the Philippines. The St. Francis Church is home to the Filipino community where a special mass schedule has been earmarked every second Sunday of each month at precisely 2:30pm. The groom wore a traditional Filipino â€Å"barong Tagalog†, made from a cloth known as the jusi fabric woven from banana or abacca plants. He stood on the altar patiently waiting for his bride.  

The Bible and Catholic Hermeneutics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Bible and Catholic Hermeneutics - Essay Example Catholic hermeneutics might be confused with the theory and practice of Catholic Biblical interpritation. But Catholic hermeneutics marks the appropriation by Catholic theology of philosophic hermeneutics. The latter can be called the study of humanity's participation in the truth and the knowledge mediated by history. So Catholic hermeneutics is the understanding of Cristian truth and knowledge within the Catholic tradition. Catholic hermeneutics is not just a philosophy of interpretation. It is an example of the general philosophical thesis that interpritation always exists within a tradition. The Catholic grasp of Christianity growing out of and expressing a theological tradition examplifies what Heidegger has called the historicality of understanding. The Catholic interpreter, educated within the Church, understands things according to what can only be called a Catholic interpretation of reality. Concrete acts of understanding refine and transmit that interpretation. Thus Catholic hermeneutics is no exception to the universality of hermeneutics, but an illustration of it. Catholic hermeneutics is not thereby curtailed in scientific value. ... It revealed the authoritative role of the magisterium as judge in case of Scriptual and dogmatic dispute, the irreducibility of dogmatic tradition to a historical analysis of first-century documents, and the inadequacy of Scriptural interpretation uninformed by Church tradition. These aspects of the theology of tradition contradict a particular notion of science. According to this notion, the scientific enterprise is wholly emancipated from authority, documentary evidence is the only admissible historical proof of a tradition's anticuity, and independence from tradition is the only guarantor of the truth (i.e., objectivity) of interpritation. If this notion of science were canonical, then Catholic hermeneutics would be unscientific (Hick, 1980). The development of the Catholic hermeneutics clousely connected with the development of historical consciousness. Ancient people didn't have the historical consciousness, because they lived in sincere world and tried to survive in it. Then terrors, death, hunger, destruction and catastrophes made a psychological change in their attitude to the reality. The ancient people really wanted to know about their origin. That's why they appealed to religious myths and legends. Some of them told about a "golden age" when people lived in harmony with each other and nature. The other story showed Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. Some of legends depicted the relationships with gods and goddesses, which possessed human appearance and characters. According to the myth the gods could fight with each other for love and power and even organize wars. We could see numerous examples in Greek Mythology. When misfortunes, wars and catastrophes happened in reality people thought that gods or supernatural powers were against them.

Prevention of childhood obesity 5-10years old Research Proposal

Prevention of childhood obesity 5-10years old - Research Proposal Example re in constant contact with their children and if anything have the greatest influence pertaining to what their children feed on; hence can uphold sustainable health measures in the family that are then adopted by the children. Additionally this study will also be useful to the larger community especially organizations that are concerned with the manufacturing and processing of food, nutritionists and the members of the National Health Service. Obesity in children is one of the greatest public health challenges in the 21st century. Contextually, in the UK there has been a great concern pertaining to childhood obesity that has led the government into applying stricter nutrient standards especially with respect to foods supplied in schools (Voon et.al, 2014). This makes this study quite relevant showing how unhealthy eating has posed a great challenge to children’s health in the country; â€Å" marketing of unhealthy foods was banned on other channels during, before and after programs aimed at children aged between 4 and 15† (p. 172). This is an attempt to reduce the exposure of children to unhealthy foods; as the prevalence of obesity in the UK is said to have tripled in the last two decades pushing it to epidemic proportions (Branca et. Al, 2007). The statistics show the high rate at which health has been deteriorating and weight increasing among young children in the UK; making healthy eating and weight among young children an area of great concern to date in the country. It is for this reason that the government has taken it upon itself to implement strict policies that are meant to secure the health of the children in the long run; the government is only trying to combat this epidemic as it is. Obesity is viewed as a major health alarm as once a child becomes obese in his or her prime years then there is a chance that this child will remain obese even in adulthood (Branca et. Al, 2007). With obesity both short-term and long-term conditions become a

Internship writing assignment Essay Example for Free

Internship writing assignment Essay INTRODUCTION I’m Yanina Filipova, a major in Video Productions at Borough of Manhattan Community College. I chose Video Productions as my major because I’m very much interested in films. Ever since I was a kid, I have always been fascinated in watching movies, especially adventure movies. Whenever there is a chance, I always make it a point to watch the production documentaries of movies. I am fascinated with the production of such films. As such, I dreamed of producing and directing my own films and eventually have my own production company. Entering in a course in Video Productions trained me in creating professional video programs. It has prepared me in the twists and turns of producing your own film such as creating a budget, shooting a scene, and editing a final cut. It taught me things about collaborative filmmaking. In studying video production, I learned to like the profession more and more. In line with this, I interviewed three people with different jobs related to the field I want to pursue. In this interview, I expect to learn the twists and turns in the production business especially that the job of each of my interviewees has some connection with video and media production. I also want to know the advantages and disadvantages in working with video production. I want to learn what characteristics I must have to achieve my dreams. I want to seek their advice on how I can manage to pursue this career. In this way, I will know the things I must go through to attain my career goals. BODY Alfred Swanwick is a video producer for three years now at Heartbeat Digital, a company that creates custom websites that headquartered in Manhattan. As a video producer, he earns $2000 each month. His job description includes budgeting and scheduling video shoots and post-production editing, identifying and securing the appropriate crew for projects, coordinating crew shoots, working with clients to understand their business needs and creative vision to staff jobs appropriately and to manage their expectations, and working with various internal teams throughout the company to ensure a smooth and successful project implementation. He studied at Marymount Manhattan College where he studied as an Art major minor in Graphics Design. During his undergraduate years, he applied for internship in a media production company, called theU, in SoHo where he was trained to do online works by helping in building the company’s online community. He graduated in 1997 and immediately started applying for small jobs that has relations to his degree course because he really wanted to pursue a career in graphics design. His first job was as a personal assistant to the head of a small media shop where he worked for a year. In this job, he was trained to log and edit video using Photoshop and Flash. Then he worked as a junior editor for another three years where he learned to manage the company’s media network. Then he applied at Heartbeat Digital as an assistant media technician where he was responsible in the distribution of the hard copy of the company’s media. Through this training, the company made him the video producer after two years because the company saw his dedication and passion for his work. The company has since trusted him in leading the creation of their online network. Swanwick said that he wanted to do video productions since he is very interested in the media. Ever since he was in high school, he was always chosen as first place in website designing competitions. It was during these competitions that he learned the basics and thought to himself that he wanted to learn more about graphics design. When he graduated from high school, he then enrolled as an Art major minor in Graphics Design in Marymount Manhattan College. In here, he learned to create professional video and audio programs, create a budget, shoot a scene and edit a final cut. He also learned to design and program computer-based interactive products. He said that one of the advantages in working in this field is that salaries range from $1500 to $3000. Aside from that, since websites and web pages need to attract attention, one gets to develop and enhance his creative side. However, he said that while this job lets you earn more, you have to sacrifice your rest and sleep hours. You almost always have to stay up late because of creating and editing a media program. He said that sometimes you have to rack your brains out just to produce outstanding media productions. Being a perfectionist himself, he always strives to achieve excellent media productions. When asked on his view about the historical experiences of women, minorities and persons with disabilities in the field, his response is that he thinks these groups are under represented in the field. In the early days, these groups are often not qualified in taking jobs that are usually dominated by men. He said that women, minorities and person with disabilities should be given opportunity to prove that they can do what men can do. Swanwick’s hard work and determination earned him a successful career. He also said that one should have a burning passion in your chosen field so that you can attain your goals without having to worry too much of the consequences. He aims to become an executive producer someday and with his strong-willed personality, there is no doubt that he will achieve his ultimate goal. David Fisher works as a full-time assistant producer for almost two years now at Three on the Tree Productions, a company focused on music documentaries, videos and concert DVD’s, where he earns $28000 annually with benefits. His duties and responsibilities in the job include scheduling meetings and job workflow, budget management and organizing job files and folders. He also assists producers in bidding processes, production shoots, and edit sessions. He graduated three years ago from the School of Visual Arts in New York City with a degree in Film and Video. He was trained here in directing, screenwriting and editing his own films. One of the films he produced was even nominated in the Dusty Film Festival, sponsored by his school, and was shown on the big screen at one of New York’s theaters. He worked as an intern in Forbes. com where he exercised his knowledge in producing daily videos. When he graduated from college, he first worked as a digital technical assistant at a video post production and design company. Although this work requires very basic skills, this has introduced him to the kind of work he is now doing. After almost one year, he quitted his job because he believed that the job is not helping him develop his skills in video production. He then applied at his current company where he was immediately accepted as an assistant producer. Due to his outstanding capabilities in video production, he is now running for promotion to junior executive producer. He is currently undergoing trainings and seminars on video and film production to prepare him for his job as an executive producer. He said that this work taught him to be a sociable person since he is responsible for keeping employees up to date on the happenings of the company and so his communication skills are regularly practiced. He also learned to be organized and details-oriented. He said, however, that in his work, he always has to stay up late since his producer always calls him even in the middle of the night to give him orders or, sometimes, just to check that he has already done his work. But as he learned to keep up with his producer’s midnight calls he also learned to keep up with the fast-paced environment that his job has. There are women and minorities working in his company. In fact, one of their executive producers is a woman. When asked about his view on the issue of women, minorities and persons with disabilities, he said that in these modern times, they should be given equal opportunity with men. He said that women today are very competitive unlike in those days when they only do household work. One good reason for this is that they want to prove that they can do what men can do. He believed that it is a pity that in the early days, women and minority groups are discriminated because they are immediately judged when they do men’s work. In his line of work, Fisher said that you’ve got to be hard-working so that you can achieve your goals. Push yourself to the limits until you have achieved what you want. You’ve got to have specific goals — a concrete idea on where you want to go and what you want to achieve. By doing this, you have a concrete map that will guide you in going to the place you want to go. When you know what you want, then you know where you are going. You also have to be flexible in every aspect to be able to adjust to the fast changing environment that video and media production has. And just as Swanwick said, you have to be determined and passionate in what you are doing so that no matter what the consequence is, you can still pursue what you want to pursue. He concluded with a piece of advice for those who want to pursue a career in video productions. He said that we should let nothing get in the way of our dreams. If we do, then it was not our dream after all. Rowena Moore is the executive producer of the Digital Intermediate Department of Technicolor Content Services New York. She has been in the company for six years now where she first worked for two years as an executive assistant. She has been holding the job as an executive producer for the last three years. Her job includes bidding processes and deliveries to the Laboratory and overseeing all aspects of DI, VFX, and digital optical processes for feature films. She also produces and edits feature films and trouble-shoot technical issues. She is a graduate of New York University batch 1997 with a degree in Film and Television. In here, she was taught to produce and edit films. She worked as an intern at HDNet Films where she was introduced to work at a production and post production department. Although her duties in her internship are basic, it helped her develop her communication skills since she was given the opportunity to participate in working on a production set where different types of people are present. Because of her active participation, she was also given the opportunity to participate in a traditional 35mm film. After she graduated, she applied as an in-house motion designer for Adspace Mall Network, where she designed and animated 15-second commercials. In doing this first job, her imagination and resourcefulness were developed because her commercials need to be creative but her company have only limited assets. She also developed her communication skills since she is the one responsible for contacting the clients when they have production questions. She quitted the job after two years because her position became stagnant. For one year, she only does part-time jobs because she can’t find the work that she liked. Then she applied at Technicolor Content Services in New York as an assistant producer. It is good that she worked for Adspace Mall Networks for two years because the job she applied for required one to two years of related work experience. After a year, she was promoted to executive assistant producer where she writes coverage for screenplays and occasionally assists the line producer. Due to her hard-work and determination which her company recognized, she was promoted to executive producer after less than two years. She said that one of the advantages in pursuing a career in video production is that there are many job opportunities. These job opportunities range from the small to the largest video and media production companies. And although her work requires so much time because of the production and post production tasks she has to do, she says that it is worth it because she gets to do what she wants to do. In working as an executive, she developed her leadership skills because of her responsibility to inspire and direct other team players. More importantly, she learned to be a team player. Being a woman, she said that her gender did not get in the way of pursuing her goals. Although there is a prejudice on women in doing these jobs, it did not keep her company in recognizing her efforts and abilities. She is glad that today women are getting more and more active in the field because this just proves that women are also capable of the work that men can do. In line with this, she advises women to be more competitive and not to be afraid of the discrimination that society has against women. She said that if you really want to achieve your dreams, you should always work hard and never give up despite the consequences you have to endure. She also believes in what Swanwick and Fisher had said, you should be determined and never let the fire of passion run out. Determination and passion always help you hold on and continue achieving your dreams. She is a living proof that women nowadays are equally capable of the things that men can do. CONCLUSIONS All of these interviews discussed about the experiences of people in the field of video productions. As I expected, it has taught me the twists and turns of a production company especially the jobs of the people I interviewed. I learned the requirements needed for this profession. The interviews taught me to work hard and be determined in what I do. I learned that to be successful in your dreams, you have to be passionate in your work so that you will not have any reason to give up. The interview just increased my excitement in working in a production company. Upon graduation, I want to experience working in such a company first so that I will know how to run it before I begin to run my own production company. Doing this interview taught me to utilize my communication skills. I learned that this skill will come in handy when I start to work and eventually start my own business. I am still not certain about what will happen after graduation but I am sure that I will continue pursuing my goal of building my own production company. SOURCE: New York Craigs List: Manhattan TV/Film/Radio/Video Jobs. (2006). Retrieved November 4, 2006, from http://newyork. craigslist. org/mnh/tfr/index300. html.

Chilli Peppers And Globalization Around The World History Essay

Chilli Peppers And Globalization Around The World History Essay The world has been coming to terms with globalisation over the last few decades but in Southeast Asia, globalisation has been a way of life for centuries. Situated at the centre of the East-West trade route, its ports have been exposed to a myriad of contrasting influences from different parts of the world. The Southeast Asian experience is one of seeing and adapting those various influences and this has given rise to unique cultures within the region. Nowhere is this clearer than the role of chilli peppers in the region. Today, chilli peppers have become intertwined with the idea of Southeast Asian cuisine. Within or outside the region, Southeast Asian cuisine is well-known for its copious use of chillies in food preparation and one might be forgiven for thinking that chillies are indigenous to Southeast Asia. However, chilli peppers are actually a product of globalisation, introduced into Southeast Asia less than 500 years, and have been adapted into the regional cuisine. In these few short centuries, the chilli pepper has even come to define the regional identity and personal identities of Southeast Asians. This essay will look at the role of chillies in Southeast Asia today and examine how the globalisation of cuisines has come to shape Southeast Asian identity. Also, we will see that the process of globalisation is not a linear process and its effects across the region have not been even. Globalisation and Chilli in SEA The colonial powers and the prevalence of trade in the Southeast Asian region were the key factors in introducing chilli peppers to the cuisines of Southeast Asia. Chilli peppers were the indigenous plants of the Americas from 7000 BC  [1]  . In the 1500s, the Portuguese introduced them to Thailand, where they quickly spread to the rest of the region. Southeast Asian cuisine before the introduction of chilli indicates a prior preference for spicy food. In Thailand, people were seasoning their food with ginger and peppercorns  [2]  . This preference for spicy food might be an indication of local conditions that made the region more susceptible or accommodating of spicy food. Economically, the chilli pepper export industry contributes very little to the region. In Southeast Asia, the largest producers of chilli peppers are Indonesia and Thailand. Together with India and China, these 2 countries exported 22.4 tonnes of chilli peppers in 2003, accounting for 67.8% of global chilli exports valued at US$9.5 billion. However, the figures indicate that only a small amount of chilli was actually exported because most of it is consumed locally within the region itself  [3]  . Therefore, the high domestic consumption of chilli in the region despite the economic contribution of chilli exports is an indication of the importance of chilli to the Southeast Asian region. In many Southeast Asian countries today, chilli is distributed in its fresh form, dried form or powder form. In Singapore, fresh chillies are often located in supermarkets and wet markets whereas dried chillies and chilli powder can be found in small proprietary shops like the ones in Little India. Before the introduction of modern technology into the region, chilli was dried or ground up in order to keep it from spoiling. As a result, the most common forms of chillies used in local recipes call for dried chillies and chilli powder. Today, the continued demand for dried and powdered chillies despite the availability of fresh chillies indicates the extent to which these forms of chilli have become entrenched in Southeast Asian cuisine. The way Southeast Asians prepare food today is a testament to the legacy of the past. Without modern refrigeration technology, the hot and humid weather in the region causes food to spoil quickly. However, the addition of a spice like chillies acts as a preservative to the food and prevents it from going bad as fast  [4]  . Furthermore, the use of chillies in food preparation can mask the taste of mud in certain ingredients like kang kong or river fish, thus making them taste more palatable. Southeast Asians were already using ginger and peppercorns as well as different types of spices in food preparation before the 1500s so they were able to adapt to the introduction of chillies fairly easily. Modern Southeast Asians retain the traditional method of preparing food with chilli despite technological improvements. The popularity of chillies in Southeast Asian cuisine can be attributed to the prevalence of rice in the region and the biological effects of chilli consumption. The consumption of chillies can help to make starch-based foods more appetising and rice is the most commonly consumed staple food in Southeast Asia  [5]  . Therefore, Southeast Asians probably started introducing chillies into meat and vegetables because it made the rice they were eating taste better. Furthermore, the consumption of chillies has several biological effects on the human body. When ingesting chillies, the capsaicin induces perspiration by increasing body temperatures. This leads to a cooling effect in the body, which is desirable in a hot tropical region like Southeast Asia. There are also claims that chillies can cure common ailments like colds and diarrhoeas  [6]  . The capsaicin in chilli peppers has also been found to promote endorphin release in the human brain in order to deal with the burn of sp icy food, thus making a torturously spicy meal paradoxically pleasurable  [7]  . In Britain, researchers were looking into the popularity of curry in the United Kingdom and they concluded that the reason curry had grown so popular was because the spice in the curry caused increased heart rates after consumption, essentially functioning as an aphrodisiac  [8]  . Thus, the prevalence of rice in addition to the biological effects of consuming chilli can help explain its popularity in Southeast Asian cuisine. The Effects of Globalisation on SEA Identity My earliest memories of chillies are of helping my mother prepare rempah for mutton curry as a boy. Pounding chilli padis with a stone mortar and pestle brought tears to my eyes and I could not understand why people would want to eat spicy food. As I grew up, chillies slowly began part of my diet and one of my favourite burgers was the McSpicy from McDonalds. Among my group of friends, the ability to consume large amounts of chillies became a point of pride. I am sure my experience parallels that of many Singaporeans and even that of people living in neighbouring countries. This is because has now become synonymous with the regional identity of Southeast Asia. Within Southeast Asia, the idea of chilli being an integral part of native cuisine has taken root in the form of specialty chillies invented by the various ethnic groups. In a Singaporean hawker centre, dishes come with chilli accompaniments ranging from Hainanese Chicken Rice chilli to Malay sambal goreng to the freshly cut chilli peppers soaked in soya sauce. Even the Peranakans have their own unique durian belacan. Although I did not know it at that time, the rempah I helped my mother prepare is actually a Malay recipe unique to Singapore and Malaysia  [9]  . Ethnic cultures in Southeast Asia can now define themselves by the way they eat their chillies because most of them have formulated unique ways of preparing it. The role of chillies has become so entrenched in the Southeast Asian mindset through its pervasiveness in cuisine that it has entered the regional lexicon. In Southeast Asia, the most famous variety of chilli is the birds eye chilli, which is better known as chilli padi to Singaporeans and Malaysians. Thai chilies can also be referred to as cabe rawit in Indonesia, phrik khi nu in Thailand and siling labuyo in the Philippines  [10]  . With people in different countries creating their own names for the same kind of chilli, the introduction of chilli into the Southeast Asian lexicon reflects the extent to which it has become a part of Southeast Asian life. In fact, Southeast Asians use the term chilli padi in a non culinary context as slang for a female who is small in stature but feisty in nature, stemming from the commonly held belief that the smallest chilli peppers are the hottest chilli peppers. With the increasing influx of Southeast Asian immigrants to Western countries, Westerners are exposed to Southeast Asian cuisine. As Southeast Asians use more spices and chillies as opposed to salt and pepper, Westerners have come to view chillies as a defining aspect of Southeast Asian cuisine. Westerners often use the spiciness of food and the excessive use of chillies to determine whether the food they are eating is authentic Southeast Asian cuisine. A Filippino restaurant in the Amsterdam had to introduce large amounts of chilli to cater to the preconceived notions of Dutch customers  [11]  . This Western notion of chilli being an integral part of Southeast Asian cuisine is being fed back into Southeast Asia through the process of culinary globalisation. The McSpicy from McDonalds which actually created for the Singapore market in order to cater to the perceived Southeast Asian preference for all things spicy. I could not find this burger in any of the McDonalds outlets I visited in the UK or Europe. In regional promotions, Canadian Pizza combines a typically Italian dish like pizza with spicy local food like curry chicken to create a unique hybrid in the form of Chicken Curry Pizza. The idea of chilli in Southeast Asian cuisine has become so intertwined with Southeast Asian identity that multinational local tastes. The role of chilli has also gained importance in the context of defining the personal identity of Southeast Asians. In many Southeast Asian communities, the ability to tolerate chilli-based food or even relish the taste of chilli peppers is the ultimate, albeit informal, rite of passage to adulthood. My experience with spicy food is not unique. Southeast Asian children are used to tomato sauce as a condiment because they cannot tolerate the capsaicin in chillies but as they grow up, they will be steadily exposed to chilli-based foods. The act of eating spicy food in Southeast Asia thus takes on a ritual symbolism in shaping personal identity since the ability to consume spicy food becomes an indication of adulthood. Anthropologists think that the consumption of overly-hot foods may also be an expression of ancient mating behaviour where the male seeks to impress a prospective mate with feats of physical endurance  [12]  . In this light, the consumption of chilli-based cuisine in Southeast Asia goes further into the shaping of male identity because it allows men to display their machismo through non-violent social means. Over time, as chillies have integrated into SEA cuisine, they have steadily evolved and come to define the very notion of what it means to be Southeast Asian. Uneven and Non-Linear Globalisation in SEA Globalisation and trade brought the chilli pepper into Southeast Asian and continued globalisation is spreading the notion of spicy Southeast Asian cuisine to Western countries. However, the effects of culinary globalisation in terms of chilli pepper usage have not been even across the region. Also, the influx of technology and modernity to Southeast Asia is also changing the role of chillies in Southeast Asian cuisine dramatically. Northern Vietnam and the Philippines stand out as culinary anomalies in SEA should we choose to define Southeast Asian cuisine by chilli consumption. Tourists to these regions are often surprised to realise that the food is much less spicy that that of other Southeast Asian regions. This can be explained by their relative proximity from trading areas. Northern Vietnam is located away from the most active Southeast Asian ports and thus, most of its culinary heritage can be traced to the less spicy cuisine of Southern China. Philippines is located far from its Southeast Asian neighbours and this separation created a different culinary heritage. Despite the introduction of chilli peppers in the country by the Spaniards  [13]  , the local populace never really took a liking to the ingredient and its proximity from other Southeast Asian countries limited cross-cultural exchange of culinary influences. Therefore, the effects of culinary globalisation are actually uneven across the regi on if we determine them by chilli pepper usage. Biologically, there is reason to believe that Southeast Asians might be biologically less inclined to consume chilli. Recent studies have indicated that Asians 25% more likely than people of other races to be supertasters  [14]  . Supertasters are more sensitive to certain tastes and Asians would therefore be more prone to experiencing the burn of capsaicin through chilli consumption. When Southeast Asians are given a choice between spicy food and non-spicy food, Southeast Asians today might be more inclined to choose non-spicy food out of preference despite the so-called Asian preference for chilli-based cuisine. Therefore, the role of chilli of shaping identity in Southeast Asia today will be reduced since not all Southeast Asians will define themselves by how much chilli they can eat in one sitting or how spicy the food they cook is. The presence of non-SEA cuisines in many Southeast Asian countries today gives the locals a wider variety of food to choose from. The influx of fast food chains like McDonalds and Canadian Pizza into Southeast Asian countries exposes locals to western food like hamburgers, pizzas and pastas. While these fast food chains might occasionally introduce chilli-infused dishes to cater to the Southeast Asian palate, they mostly serve typical western fare that is much less spicy. With the availability of a wider variety of food, Southeast Asians are not restricted to their normal spicy cuisine and some people might choose to abstain from spicy food and eat less spicy western fare instead. The reduction in the amount of chilli consumed by locals reduces the importance of chillies to the local diet and identity. With improved technology, the problem of food spoilage in hot and humid Southeast Asia becomes a non-issue. With technological advances like refrigerators and freezers, globalisation has changed the way we store our food. Today, Southeast Asian cooks are able to obtain the freshest ingredients from different parts of the world and store them for extended periods of time. They no longer have to use chilli peppers to extend the lifespan of food to keep it from rotting in the tropical heat. In places like hawker centres and restaurants, chilli is often served separately from food so that people can choose the amount they want to eat whereas in the past, it would have been used in the cooking of the food to prevent it from spoiling. Therefore, globalisation has made the use of chilli in Southeast Asian cuisine today purely a matter of preference and no longer one of necessity to prevent food spoilage. Conclusion By observing how the role of chilli peppers in the Southeast Asian region has come to shape regional and personal identity, we see the effects of globalisation and trade in the region. At the same time, the effects of globalisation are uneven because Northern Vietnam and Filipino cuisine do not share the same characteristics. Its effects are also non-linear in that the role of chilli peppers is now being reduced today because of the influx of Western influences and technology. Therefore, it may be inaccurate to view the heritage of Southeast Asia in terms of the chilli pepper because the effects of the chilli pepper in the region have waxed and waned over the last few centuries. Instead, we should view the heritage of Southeast Asia through the lens of globalisation because it is an on-going process that has continually affected the region throughout the years and it will continue to shape and change the region, redefining both the personal and regional identity of Southeast Asians.

global anomie :: essays research papers

Global anomie, dysnomie, and economic crime: Hidden consequences of neoliberalism and globalization in Russia and around the world TRANSNATIONAL CRIME HAS RECENTLY ACQUIRED A PROMINENT PLACE IN PUBLIC debates. It is commonly presented as the most significant crime problem at the turn of the millennium (Myers, 1995-1996; Shelley, 1995). Many have even suggested that it represents a serious domestic and international security threat (Paine and Cillufo, 1994; Williams, 1994). The argument is also made that a wave of transnational crime undermines neoliberal policies and the functioning of an increasing number of market economies around the globe (Handelman, 1995; Shelley, 1994). As a consequence, the proposed remedies are often quite drastic and involve undercover operations, privacy-piercing approaches, and the participation of intelligence services in the fight against global crime (Andreas, 1997; Naylor, 1999; Passas and Blum, 1998; Passas and Groskin, 1995). Yet, little attention and virtually no systematic research has been devoted to understanding the causes, structure, extent, and effects of serious cross-border misconduct (Passas, 1998). The risks it poses may be grossly exaggerated (Naylor, 1995; Lee, 1999). The draconian measures being contemplated and implemented in different countries, therefore, are essentially an exercise in shooting in the dark. Chances are good that the target will be missed and substantial "collateral damage" may be caused by ill-conceived policies in this "war" on crime. This risk is particularly high in countries in transition toward a market democracy. It would be much wiser, thus, to carefully study the problem before taking ineffective and possibly damaging actions. This article seeks to make a contribution by concentrating on the causes of transnational economic crime. The main argument is that, contrary to conventional wisdom, neoliberalism and globalization contribute to processes leading to global anomie, dysnomie, and, ultimately, economic misconduct. They do so by activating the criminogenic potential of economic, political, legal, and cultural asymmetries, as well as by creating new such asymmetries (Passas, 1999). These asymmetries cause crime by furnishing opportunities for misconduct, by generating motives for actors to take advantage of such opportunities, and by weakening social controls. More specifically, means-ends disjunctions are systematically created, as neoliberal policies foster new needs and desires that are all too often left unfulfilled. Promises of more freedom, prosperity, and happiness for a larger number of people have turned out to be chimerical. Economic and power inequalities have widened within and across countrie s in the last two decades. The number of poor has reached unprecedented levels, while welfare programs and safety nets are reduced or abolished. global anomie :: essays research papers Global anomie, dysnomie, and economic crime: Hidden consequences of neoliberalism and globalization in Russia and around the world TRANSNATIONAL CRIME HAS RECENTLY ACQUIRED A PROMINENT PLACE IN PUBLIC debates. It is commonly presented as the most significant crime problem at the turn of the millennium (Myers, 1995-1996; Shelley, 1995). Many have even suggested that it represents a serious domestic and international security threat (Paine and Cillufo, 1994; Williams, 1994). The argument is also made that a wave of transnational crime undermines neoliberal policies and the functioning of an increasing number of market economies around the globe (Handelman, 1995; Shelley, 1994). As a consequence, the proposed remedies are often quite drastic and involve undercover operations, privacy-piercing approaches, and the participation of intelligence services in the fight against global crime (Andreas, 1997; Naylor, 1999; Passas and Blum, 1998; Passas and Groskin, 1995). Yet, little attention and virtually no systematic research has been devoted to understanding the causes, structure, extent, and effects of serious cross-border misconduct (Passas, 1998). The risks it poses may be grossly exaggerated (Naylor, 1995; Lee, 1999). The draconian measures being contemplated and implemented in different countries, therefore, are essentially an exercise in shooting in the dark. Chances are good that the target will be missed and substantial "collateral damage" may be caused by ill-conceived policies in this "war" on crime. This risk is particularly high in countries in transition toward a market democracy. It would be much wiser, thus, to carefully study the problem before taking ineffective and possibly damaging actions. This article seeks to make a contribution by concentrating on the causes of transnational economic crime. The main argument is that, contrary to conventional wisdom, neoliberalism and globalization contribute to processes leading to global anomie, dysnomie, and, ultimately, economic misconduct. They do so by activating the criminogenic potential of economic, political, legal, and cultural asymmetries, as well as by creating new such asymmetries (Passas, 1999). These asymmetries cause crime by furnishing opportunities for misconduct, by generating motives for actors to take advantage of such opportunities, and by weakening social controls. More specifically, means-ends disjunctions are systematically created, as neoliberal policies foster new needs and desires that are all too often left unfulfilled. Promises of more freedom, prosperity, and happiness for a larger number of people have turned out to be chimerical. Economic and power inequalities have widened within and across countrie s in the last two decades. The number of poor has reached unprecedented levels, while welfare programs and safety nets are reduced or abolished.

Realism in “Great Expectations” by Charles Dickens Essay

Realism was developed by the middle of the 19th century as a response to the idealistic world of romanticism which had dominated for the past half century. It was an aesthetic movement which attempted to hold up a mirror to its society to show a true reflection of reality. Although claiming to offer a slice of life by emphasizing chiefly in the importance of the ordinary amongst the middle and lower classes, realism is a relative concept, a representation of reality which adheres to a loose collection of conventions. Many of these are offered in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations, which follows the life and struggles of the protagonist and narrator, Pip. Dickens uses techniques such as a chronological linear narrative, an omniscient narrator, the celebration of the ordinary, and the resolution of the enigma to drive the moral undercurrents of Pip’s everyday existence. This constructed realism is essentially a representation of reality based on Dickens ideology, offerin g social commentary and reflecting the values and attitudes of nineteenth century England. see more:old age home article The basic structure of Great Expectations follows a chronological development of Pip’s life; from his childhood innocence, to his disillusioned expectations, finally his rejection of the high life and a circular succession ending back at the beginning. This chronological structure of which Dickens narrates exemplifies Pip’s learning process through his moral and emotional turmoil and complies with the opportunity to generate a realistic setting. For example, Pip’s description of London, â€Å"a most dismal place; the skylight eccentrically patched like a broken head, and the distorted adjoining houses looking as if they had twisted themselves to peep down at me through it,† creates an archaeologically realistic description of London, and hints a sense of foreboding, foreshadowing the futility of Pip’s expectations. This ideology developed through Pips learning process is created through a carefully crafted linear plot in order to present fiction as reality. Reflected by the matured Pip in the perspective of the omniscient narrator, Great Expectations’ first person narration employs the wisdom of hindsight to define the events and characters of the story. Dickens imbues the voice of the matured Pip to make judgments on his past actions, at the Christmas  dinner for instance, Pip experiences a deep desire to tweak Mr. Wopsle’s large nose–to â€Å"pull it until he howled.† The older Pip narrates this encounter comically and sympathetically, conveying his youthful innocence through the perspective of a child. This convention of retrospect produces a sense of psychological depth and compassion, given access to Pip’s feelings, thoughts and motivations. As the newly democratic age finds importance in the individual, essentially Great Expectations is both an external novel in Pip’s commentary of the society around him and an internal novel in the development of his perspective. By evoking consciousnes s of Pip’s character, Dickens coaxes the audience to enter the illusion of reality. Furthermore, in parallel to the importance of the individual, realism tends to concern its interests in the commonplace and ordinary everyday lives among the lower classes. Through the characters of Great Expectations, Dickens celebrates the commonplace, employing Pip, the most ordinary of subjects, as a central vehicle instilled to investigate his social reality and to express ideological views on society. Biddy, for instance â€Å"was not beautiful – she was common, and could not be like Estella – but she was pleasant and wholesome and sweet-tempered.† Despite her humble position in society Biddy emerges with admirable values, which contrasts to the cold beauty, cruelty and deception of Estella. In accordance to realist conventions concerned with rejecting the ideal, Dickens portrays the upper class with great malice, greed and corruption as Miss Havisham encourages Estella to torment Pip, whispering â€Å"Break their hearts!† Ideologically driven, realism is deliberate in rejoicing in the ordinary, and condemning the supreme. Moreover, realism is largely concentrated on ideologically driven values as the central issues of life tend to be ethical. Dickens paints the lower class to embody a high moral ground and rejects the false values of the upper class. Drummle, for instance, is an upper-class lout, while Magwitch, a persecuted convict, has a deep inner worth. This concept is developed with greater depth in the character of Joe, of which despite his position in society, his unrefined and uneducated qualities, is identified as the epitome of goodness. As a true ‘gentleman’, â€Å"It was not because I was  faithful, but because Joe was faithful,† Joe contrasts to the aspirations Pip seeks to become, of which Dickens shows as corrupt and materialistic. It was Joe’s â€Å"quiet goodness† stemming from honestly, empathy and kindness, which compelled Pip, as he reflects in retrospect, to reject the values of this society in favor of an inner morality. Additionally, a sense of ending is invested in Great Expectations which resolves the plot. The learning process Pip embarks on educates him on the futility of his expectations, and his hopes to return as a gentleman is a complete failure: Estella reminds him coldly that she has â€Å"no heart.† In Pip’s case, closure is restored through his moral development and growth, epitomized in his reconciliation with Joe and Biddy. His maturation toward adulthood is symbolized by his desire to rectify his behaviour toward his lower class loved ones. Pip has at last learned that love, loyalty and morality hold more value than social class and wealth. On a different vein, at times Great Expectations does not remain faithful to the conventions of realism. Dickens tends to slip in and out of reality, deviating from realism to social satire, using hyperbole to satirize the pretentiousness of Pumblechook’s social improvement â€Å"a large hard-breathing middle-aged slow man, with a mouth like a fish, dull staring eyes†¦looked as if he had just be all but choked.† The gothic genre is also apparent in Pip’s first description of Miss Havisham, â€Å"†¦ought to be white, had lost its luster, and was faded and yellow. I saw that the bride within the bridal dress had withered like the dress†¦Now, waxwork and skeleton seemed to have dark eyes that moved and looked at me.† The audience’s first impression of Miss Havisham is thus one of darkness, mystery and terror. With these constructed implications, realism is considered a loose convention as Dickens deviates between reality and the conventi ons of other genres. It can be seen that Great Expectations exhibits aspects of realism as it assumes that reality inheres in the here and now, in the everyday. Dickens employs themes including accurate descriptions of specific setting, the chronological structure of the story, the omniscient narrator, the importance of the ordinary, the pedestrian, and the middle class with  tendency to reject the ideal and the resolution of the enigma. Dickens also tends to deviate between different genres in contrast to the realistic portrayal of certain aspects in society. When these constructs are applied in literature, a set of conventions emerges, however in order to mimic reality they only offer an abstraction of reality reflecting the values and ideology of the composer’s context. With that said, literary realism is essentially a representation of the world based on the attitudes of the composer, carefully constructed to a set of conventions.